What is defined as constructed affairs that can be replicated by others?

The correct answer involves controlled experiments, which are defined by their systematic approach to testing hypotheses in a way that allows for replication by others. In controlled experiments, researchers manipulate one or more independent variables while keeping other variables constant, which helps isolate the effects of the manipulation on a dependent variable. This ability to control conditions and replicate the experiment under the same circumstances is essential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

Controlled experiments prioritize consistency, allowing other researchers to replicate the study to verify results or to expand upon the findings. This replication fosters reliability in scientific inquiry, as it requires that the procedures and conditions be clear and detailed in the methodology.

In contrast, natural experiments and observational studies do not offer the same level of control. Natural experiments rely on observing real-world events where researchers do not manipulate the independent variable, making replication less straightforward. Observational studies focus on monitoring subjects without interference, which can introduce variability that is difficult to control. Case studies provide in-depth analysis of single or small groups but lack generalizability and standardization that are essential for replication on a larger scale.

Thus, controlled experiments are pivotal for their replicability, allowing for reliable scientific exploration and validation of hypotheses.